Flap of the sternocephalicus muscle in the repair of a partial defect in the trachea of a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Purpose: The current study aimed at evaluating the repair of a partial defect of the trachea with a muscle flap, an advanced technique that employs combined suture patterns. Methods: Sixteen healthy male New Zealand white rabbits were used as an experimental model. A partial defect in the trachea within the ventral region of the fourth to eighth tracheal ring was created. Subsequently, repair was initiated with a flap of the sternocephalicus muscle. The animals were divided into four groups for postoperative evaluation using clinical, tracheoscopic, and histopathological analyses. Each group was separated according to the time of euthanasia, programmed at interval of seven (G7), 15 (G15), 30 (G30), and 60 days (G60). Results: One animal from the G60 group died, whereas the other animals had good surgical recovery without serious changes in the breathing pattern. The major clinical signs observed were stridor and coughing. Tracheoscopy revealed secretions in the tracheal lumen, exuberant granulation, and stenosis. Histopathological analysis showed growth of the ciliary respiratory epithelium at the flap site 30 days after implantation. Conclusions: Partial repair showed satisfactory results owing to the anatomical location of the muscle, adequate vascular support, and structural and physiological maintenance without serious changes in the respiratory system.

Retalho plantar medial para reconstrução de defeitos em calcanhar após ressecção de melanoma lentiginoso acral: Uma série de 7 casos / Medial plantar flap for reconstruction of heel defects after resection of acral lentiginous melanoma: A series of seven cases

Introdução: A reconstrução da região plantar ainda é um dos grandes desafios da cirurgia plástica reconstrutiva. Os tecidos dessa região apresentam características únicas e que são essenciais para a manutenção da funcionalidade do membro. De toda a região plantar, a região do calcanhar é a área de maior sustentação do peso e submetida ao maior impacto. O retalho fasciocutâneo plantar medial é uma das opções reconstrutivas, pois representa tecido semelhante e mantém a sensibilidade para a área receptora. Método: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo através da coleta de dados de prontuário de pacientes que realizaram reconstruções da região do calcanhar com retalho plantar medial, no período de julho de 2013 a setembro de 2019. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética para Análise de Projetos de Pesquisa do HCFMUSP (Número CAAE: 56849422.0.0000.0068). Resultados: A reconstrução de calcanhar após ressecção de melanoma lentiginoso acral foi realizada em 7 pacientes. Complicações cirúrgicas foram observadas em 3 pacientes, sendo que todos eles tinham idade acima de 50 anos e/ou alguma comorbidade associada. Houve 57,1% de complicações, sendo 37,5% relacionadas ao retalho e 12,5% relacionadas à área doadora. Ocorreram 3 necroses totais de retalho (42,9%) e 1 perda total de enxerto na área doadora (14,3%). Conclusão: O retalho plantar medial se apresenta como uma boa alternativa para a realização de reconstruções oncológicas de defeitos na região plantar do pé. Contudo, deve-se ponderar a escolha do paciente ideal e lembrar que a dissecção do seu pedículo vascular não é de fácil execução.

Introduction: Resurfacing the sole is still one of the great challenges of reconstructive plastic surgery. The tissues on the sole of the foot have unique characteristics essential for maintaining the limbs functionality. The heel has the most significant weight support and is subjected to the entire soles greatest impact. The medial plantar artery flap is one of the reconstructive options, as it represents similar tissue and maintains sensitivity to the recipient area. Methods: A retrospective study was performed by collecting data from medical records of patients who underwent reconstructions of the heel with a medial plantar artery flap from July 2013 to September 2019. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Analysis of Research Projects of HCFMUSP (CAAE number: 56849422.0.0000.0068). Results: Heel reconstruction was performed in 7 patients after acral lentiginous melanoma excision. Surgical complications were observed in 3 patients, all of whom were aged over 50 years or have associated comorbidity. There were 57.1% of complications, 37.5% related to the flap, and 12.5% related to the donor area. There were three total flap necroses (42.9%) and one total graft loss in the donor area (14.3%). Conclusion: The medial plantar flap presents itself as a good alternative for performing oncological reconstructions of defects in the plantar region of the foot. However, the choice of the ideal patient should be considered and we must remember that the dissection of its vascular pedicle is not easily executed.

Carcinoma de células escamosas de lábio inferior: Excisão e reconstrução com retalho nasolabial / Squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip: Excision and reconstruction with nasolabial flap

Introdução: O carcinoma de células escamosas é o tumor maligno mais frequente dos lábios e acomete principalmente o lábio inferior. O tratamento adequado desta neoplasia deve ser precoce e radical, pois metástases podem ocorrer. Considerando que os lábios têm extrema relevância na dinâmica e motricidade da face, a reconstrução labial após grandes ressecções nesta região é um desafio para o cirurgião na busca de bons resultados estéticos e funcionais. Este estudo busca apresentar uma técnica já consagrada e confiável para a reconstrução do lábio inferior após ressecções tumorais, o retalho de Karapandizic. Método: Nesta revisão de casos são avaliados, retrospectivamente, 4 pacientes que tiveram o lábio inferior reconstruído por meio da técnica de Karapandzic no período de 2013-2022. Resultados: As complicações mais frequentemente observadas foram cicatriz hipertrófica, deiscência de sutura em vermelhão de lábio e microstomia (redução da abertura oral). A redução da fenda labial (microstomia) foi corrigida parcialmente através do uso de órteses odontológicas, não havendo necessidade de indicação de comissuroplastia em nenhum dos casos. Outra colaboração deste trabalho refere-se à utilização do ecoDoppler colorido pré-operatório, que permite o planejamento do retalho verificando a viabilidade do pedículo vascular e o real posicionamento deste pedículo, reduzindo as chances de lesão inadvertida dos vasos durante a cirurgia. Conclusão: Mesmo sendo a microstomia uma limitação deste retalho, concluímos que esta técnica atende à necessidade de reconstrução de lábio inferior em grandes ressecções, uma vez que é capaz de proporcionar resultados satisfatórios em termos oncológicos, funcionais e estéticos.

Introduction: Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of the lips and mainly affects the lower lip. Adequate treatment of this neoplasm must be early and radical, as metastases can occur. Considering that the lips are extremely important in the dynamics and motricity of the face, lip reconstruction after major resections in this region is a challenge for the surgeon in the search for good aesthetic and functional results. This study seeks to present an already established and reliable technique for reconstructing the lower lip after tumor resection, the Karapandizic flap. Method: In this case review, 4 patients with lower lips reconstructed using the Karapandzic technique in 2013-2022 are retrospectively evaluated. Results: The most frequently observed complications were hypertrophic scar, lip vermilion suture dehiscence, and microstomia (reduction of oral opening). The cleft lip (microstomia) reduction was partially corrected through dental orthoses, with no need for commissuroplasty in any of the cases. Another contribution of this work is the use of preoperative color echoDoppler, which allows flap planning by checking the viability of the vascular pedicle and the actual positioning of this pedicle, reducing the chances of inadvertent injury to the vessels during surgery. Conclusion: Even though microstomy is a limitation of this flap, we conclude that this technique meets the need for lower lip reconstruction in large resections, as it can provide satisfactory results in oncological, functional, and aesthetic terms.

A new treatment of concealed penis: symmetrical pterygoid flap surgery

ABSTRACT Purpose: Considerable controversy exists regarding the surgery for concealed penis. We describe a new technique for repairing concealed penis by symmetrical pterygoid flap surgery. Methods: From January 2016 to July 2022, we evaluated 181 cases of concealed penis that were surgically treated using the symmetrical pterygoid flap surgery. We measured the penile size preoperative and 2, 4, 12 weeks, and 1 year postoperative to confirm the improvement. A questionnaire was administered to the patients and parents to assess satisfaction regarding penile size, morphology, and hygiene. Result: The perpendicular penile length was1.59±0.32cm preoperative and 3.82±1.02 cm after the procedure (p < 0.05), and 4.21±1.91cm after one year of postoperative (p < 0.05). The overall satisfaction of patients was 97.89%, while the overall satisfaction of older children patients (age>7) was 75.24%. Parents focus more on the penile exposure size, while patients focus more on the penile morphology. Almost every patient had postoperative penile foreskin edema. However, this symptom had spontaneously resolved by 4-6 weeks. The complications such as skin necrosis, tissue contracture, or wound infection were 4.42%. Conclusion: The symmetrical pterygoid flap surgery is an effective surgical technique for the management of concealed penis in children producing predictable results and excellent satisfaction of the parents and patients.

Cuidados pós-operatórios em reconstrução com retalhos de ferida traumática em membro inferior: revisão de escopo / Postoperative care in reconstruction with flaps of a traumatic lower limb wound: scope review / Cuidados postoperatorios en reconstrucción con colgajos de herida traumática de miembro inferior: revisión del alcance

Objetivo: mapear os cuidados pós-operatórios em reconstrução com retalhos cirúrgicos de ferida traumática em membro inferior. Método: revisão de escopo desenvolvida de acordo com as recomendações do Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer's Manual em bases de dados referenciais, portais de informação e literatura cinzenta. Foram traçadas duas estratégias de busca para amplo alcance das publicações. Resultados: identificados dez cuidados pós-operatórios nas reconstruções com retalhos cirúrgicos em membro inferior relacionados a momentos específicos desta fase. Sendo categorizados em: 1) Cuidados no pós-operatório imediato, 2) Cuidados no pós-operatório mediato e 3) Transição do Cuidado. Conclusão: embora as reconstruções com retalhos cirúrgicos sejam um tratamento consolidado, a assistência pós-operatória ainda é incipiente quanto aos cuidados recomendados. Não há consenso sobre a implementação dos cuidados no manejo pós-operatório. O monitoramento dos retalhos cirúrgicos, clínico ou por dispositivos, foi o único cuidado contemplado em todas as publicações selecionadas, considerado essencial no pós-operatório independente da fase.

Objective: to map postoperative care in reconstruction with surgical flaps of a traumatic wound in the lower limb. Method: scope review developed according to the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer's Manual in reference databases, information portals and gray literature. Two search strategies were designed for the wide reach of publications. Results: ten postoperative care procedures were identified and related to specific moments in this phase. Being categorized into: 1) Care in the immediate postoperative period, 2) Care in the mediate postoperative period and 3) Transition of Care. Conclusion: although reconstructions with surgical flaps are a consolidated treatment, postoperative care is still incipient in terms of recommended care. There is no consensus on the implementation of care in postoperative management. The monitoring of surgical flaps, clinical or by devices, was the only care considered in all selected publications, considered essential in the postoperative period, regardless of the phase.

Objetivo: mapear los cuidados postoperatorios en la reconstrucción con colgajos quirúrgicos de una herida traumática en miembro inferior. Método: revisión del alcance desarrollada según las recomendaciones del Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer's Manual (Manual del Revisor del Instituto Joanna Briggs) en bases de datos referenciales, portales de información y literatura gris. Se diseñaron dos estrategias de búsqueda para el amplio alcance de las publicaciones. Resultados: se identificaron diez procedimientos de cuidados postoperatorios relacionados con momentos específicos de esta fase. Siendo categorizados en: 1) Atención en el postoperatorio inmediato, 2) Atención en el postoperatorio mediato y 3) Transición de la Atención. Conclusión: si bien las reconstrucciones con colgajos quirúrgicos son un tratamiento consolidado, los cuidados postoperatorios aún son incipientes. No existe consenso sobre la implementación de los cuidados en el manejo postoperatorio. El seguimiento de los colgajos quirúrgicos, clínico o por dispositivo, fue el único cuidado abordado en todas las publicaciones seleccionadas, considerado fundamental en el postoperatorio, independientemente de la etapa.

Retalho fasciocutâneo medial da coxa em V-Y bilateral na reconstrução perineal por hidradenite supurativa: Relato de caso / Bilateral V-Y medial fasciocutaneous thigh flap in perineal reconstruction for hidradenitis suppurativa: Case report

Introdução: A hidradenite supurativa (HS) é uma doença inflamatória crônica que afeta preferencialmente a pele intertriginosa e está associada a numerosas comorbidades sistêmicas. A área perineal é a segunda área mais comumente afetada depois da axila. A excisão ampla é o tratamento que tem maior probabilidade de atingir melhores resultados com menor risco de recorrência. Com a excisão cirúrgica extensa, o fechamento com retalho oferece maior probabilidade de tratamento definitivo. Alguns retalhos são descritos para reconstruir defeitos da região perineal após câncer, porém poucos deles são estudados no tratamento da HS. Relato de Caso: Mulher de 43 anos, com HS perineal, submetida a ressecção das lesões e reconstrução com retalho fasciocutâneo medial da coxa em V-Y bilateral como tratamento da doença. O retalho permitiu o fechamento completo do períneo total sem complicações graves. Conclusão: Este caso mostra que é útil e prático utilizar o retalho fasciocutâneo medial da coxa em V-Y para reconstrução perineal após ressecções amplas de pele, glândulas apócrinas e folículos pilosos no tratamento da HS, oferecendo boa cobertura de pele, e tecido celular subcutâneo com suprimento vascular confiável, que evita sequelas associadas a sacrifício de músculos e alcança dimensões maiores do que outros retalhos, podendo ser considerado em casos selecionados como uma alternativa no tratamento cirúrgico da HS perineal.

Introduction: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that preferentially affects the intertriginous skin and is associated with numerous systemic comorbidities. The perineal area is the second most commonly affected area after the armpit. Wide excision is the treatment most likely to achieve better results with a lower risk of recurrence. With extensive surgical excision, flap closure offers a greater likelihood of definitive treatment. Some flaps have been described to reconstruct defects in the perineal region after cancer, but few have been studied in treating HS. Case Report: A 43-year-old woman with perineal HS underwent resection of the lesions and reconstruction with a bilateral V-Y medial thigh fasciocutaneous flap to treat the disease. The flap allowed complete closure of the total perineum without serious complications. Conclusion: This case shows that it is useful and practical to use the V-Y medial thigh fasciocutaneous flap for perineal reconstruction after wide resections of skin, apocrine glands, and hair follicles in the treatment of HS, offering good skin coverage and subcutaneous cellular tissue with supply reliable vascular flap, which avoids sequelae associated with muscle sacrifice and reaches larger dimensions than other flaps, and can be considered in selected cases as an alternative in the surgical treatment of perineal HS.

Reparación quirúrgica por vía vaginal de fístulas vesicovaginales: una experiencia exitosa / Vaginal surgical repair of vesico-vaginal fistulas: a successful experience

OBJETIVO: Se presenta una serie de casos de reparación por vía vaginal de fístula vesicovaginal (FVV) de nuestro centro. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional descriptivo. Se evaluaron todas las pacientes con reparación quirúrgica de FVV en el Centro de Innovación de Piso Pélvico del Hospital Sótero del Río entre 2016 y 2022. RESULTADOS: Se reportaron 16 casos, de los cuales el 81,3% fueron secundarios a cirugía ginecológica. En todos se realizó la reparación por vía vaginal, con cierre por planos. En el 94% (15/16) se logró una reparación exitosa en un primer intento. El tiempo de seguimiento poscirugía fue de 10 meses (rango: 3-29). No hubo casos de recidiva en el seguimiento. Una paciente presentó fístula de novo, la cual se reparó de manera exitosa en un segundo intento por vía vaginal. Se reportaron satisfechas con la cirugía 15 pacientes, con mejoría significativa de su calidad de vida. Una paciente reportó sentirse igual (6,3%), pero sus síntomas se debían a síndrome de vejiga hiperactiva que la paciente no lograba diferenciar de los síntomas previos a la cirugía. CONCLUSIÓN: Las FVV en los países desarrollados son secundarias a cirugía ginecológica benigna. La cirugía por vía vaginal en nuestra serie demostró una alta tasa de éxito, con mejora significativa en la calidad de vida de las pacientes.

OBJETIVE: We present a case series of vesico-vaginal fistulas (VVF) vaginal repair in our center. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive observational study. All patients with surgical repair of VVF at the Centro de Innovación en Piso Pélvico of Hospital Sótero del Río were evaluated between September 2016 and September 2022. RESULTS: 16 cases were reported. 81.3% were secondary to gynecological surgery. In all cases, a vaginal repair was performed, with a layered closure. 94% (15/16) had no contrast extravasation at the time of examination, confirming fistula closure. The follow-up time was 10 months (range: 3-29). There were no cases of recurrence during follow-up. 1 patient presented de novo fistula which was successfully repaired in a second attempt vaginally. 15/16 patients reported being satisfied with the surgery, with significant improvement in quality of life. 1 patient reported feeling the same (6.3%), but her symptoms were due to overactive bladder syndrome that the patient could not differentiate from the symptoms prior to surgery. CONCLUSION: VFV in developed countries are mainly secondary to benign gynecological surgery. Vaginal surgery in our series achieved a significant improvement in the quality of life of patients.

Standardization of reconstructions with flaps after Fournier's gangrene / Padronização das reconstruções com retalhos após gangrena de Fournier

Introduction: Fournier's gangrene is characterized by tissue necrosis, which requires treatment employing debridement and antibiotics with wounds of varying sizes. The objective is to standardize the surgical techniques of reconstructions with flaps used to treat wounds after Fournier's gangrene. Method: A study was conducted by searching the PubMed/Medline, SciELO, and LILACS databases. Results: In wounds with skin loss of 25% to 50%, a local advancement cutaneous flap or a pudendal flap from the thigh was used; in wounds, greater than 50%, a superomedial thigh flap or myocutaneous flap from the gracilis muscle was used, with the aim of to enable proper reconstruction. Conclusion: Advancement and pudendal thigh flaps were used for wounds with up to 50% loss of scrotal skin substance, while the myocutaneous gracilis flap and supero-medial flap of the thigh were indicated for wounds with more than 50% of the total scrotal surface affected, after Fournier gangrene.

Introdução: Gangrena de Fournier é caracterizada por necrose tecidual, que necessita de tratamento por meio de desbridamento e antibióticos, com feridas de dimensões variadas. O objetivo é padronizar as técnicas cirúrgicas de reconstruções com retalhos utilizadas no tratamento das feridas após gangrena de Fournier. Método: Realizou-se estudo por meio da busca nas bases de dados PubMed/Medline, SciELO e LILACS. Resultados: Nas feridas com perdas cutâneas de 25% a 50%, foram utilizados retalho cutâneo local de avanço ou retalho pudendo da coxa, nas maiores de 50% foram necessárias as confecções do retalho superomedial da coxa ou retalho miocutâneo do músculo grácil, com intuito de possibilitar a reconstrução adequada. Conclusão: Os retalhos de avanço e pudendo da coxa foram utilizados para feridas com perda de substância cutânea escrotal de até 50%, enquanto os retalhos miocutâneo de músculo grácil e superomedial da coxa foram indicados para as feridas com mais de 50% da superfície escrotal total acometida, após gangrena de Fournier.

Bevacizumab effect on viability of free groin flaps in rats / Efeito do bevacizumabe na viabilidade de retalho inguinal livre em ratos

Introduction: Bevacizumab is among the most frequently used drugs in cancer treatment. There is evidence that some anti-angiogenic drugs reduce flap survival, but it is unclear whether this applies to Bevacizumab. We investigated the effect of Bevacizumab on the viability of free flaps in rats. Methods: The animals were randomly assigned to one of three groups. The Graft group received intravascular saline and was submitted to a full-thickness skin graft. The Flap-Saline and the Flap- BVZ groups underwent a free groin flap after receiving, respectively, intravascular saline solution or intravascular administration of Bevacizumab. Results: The Graft group showed a lower percentage of the viable area (22.81%) relative to the Flap- Saline (83.98%; p<0.0001) and the Flap-BVZ groups (60.50%; p=0.0048). The lowest vascular pedicle patency was observed in the Flap-BVZ group, but the difference relative to the Flap-Saline was not significant (arteries, p=0.0867; veins, p=0.9999). A significant difference was observed in the occurrence of necrosis (p=0.0010), which was higher in the histological samples of the Graft (87.50%) and the Flap- BVZ (60.00%) relative to the Flap-Saline Group (0%). Inflammation occurred less frequently in the Flap-Saline (33.33%) compared to the Graft (87.5%) and Flap- BVZ group (70.00%), but the difference did not reach significance (p=0.0588). No significant differences emerged in the occurrence of hemorrhage or intraluminal thrombosis. Conclusion: The increase in inflammation, decrease in patency and reduction of viable area, though not significant, are in line with the histological analysis and call for further research on the potential adverse effects of the drug.

Introdução: Bevacizumabe é um dos fármacos mais utilizados no tratamento do câncer. Existem evidências de que drogas antiangiogênicas reduzem a taxa de sobrevivência dos retalhos, porém não está claro se isso se aplica ao bevacizumabe. Investigamos o efeito de bevacizumabe na viabilidade de retalhos livres em ratos. Método: Os animais foram randomizados em três grupos. O grupo Enxerto recebeu injeção intravenosa de soro fisiológico 0,9% (SF 0,9%) e foi submetido a uma enxertia de pele total. Os grupos Retalho-SF e Retalho-BVZ foram submetidos a retalhos inguinais livres e receberam injeções intravenosas, respectivamente, de SF 0,9% e Bevacizumabe. Resultados: O grupo Enxerto apresentou menor percentual de área de retalho viável (22,81%) em relação ao grupo Retalho-SF (83,98%; p<0,0001) e Retalho-BVZ (60,50%; p=0,0048). Os pedículos do grupo Retalho-BVZ apresentaram menor patência, mas a diferença em relação ao grupo Retalho-SF não foi significante (artérias, p=0,0867; veias, p=0,9999). A ocorrência de necrose foi significativamente maior nos grupos Enxerto (87,50%) e Retalho-BVZ (60,00%) em relação ao grupo Retalho-SF (0%) (p=0,0010). A ocorrência de inflamação foi menor no grupo Retalho-SF (33,33%) em relação aos grupos Enxerto (87,5%) e Retalho-BVZ (70,00%), porém essa análise não atingiu significância (p=0,0588). Não houve diferenças significantes na ocorrência de hemorragia ou trombose intraluminal entre os grupos. Conclusão: O aumento da inflamação, redução da patência e das áreas viáveis dos retalhos, apesar de não significantes, corroboram com efeitos deletérios do bevacizumabe evidenciados na análise histológica e demandam futuros estudos dos potenciais efeitos adversos da droga.

Description of the S-Apple mixed rotation and transposition flap: preliminary note / Descrição do retalho misto de rotação e transposição S-Apple: nota prévia

Introduction: The flaps, whose function is to reduce or redirect tension during a closure, are classified based on their primary movement: transposition, advancement, and rotation, each with its characteristics, indications, and peculiarities. Combining the qualities of the transposition flaps with those of rotation, which make up the S-Apple flap, makes it more versatile and with better aesthetic results than the bilobed flap, which denotes the archetype for the appearance of the S-Apple. Method: Having the rotation and transposition flaps as an archetype, four flaps are made in the S-Apple flap, which are rotated and transposed to close the defect. This is excised in a circular format for the oncological safety of margins. The "S" of the flap is traced at a 30º angle in relation to the defect. The arm dimension must be the same diameter as the defect, with the flaps transposed as in a z-plasty, and the flap rotated to cover the defect, resulting from the exeresis of the lesion. Results: No necrosis, infection, dehiscence, recurrences, trapdoor scars, or rotation point elevation were observed. The scars were classified as satisfactory and extremely satisfactory. Conclusion: The S-Apple flap proved versatile and easy to mark with excellent aesthetic and functional results.

Introdução: Os retalhos, com função de reduzir ou redirecionar a tensão durante um fechamento, são classificados com base em seu movimento primário: transposição, avanço e rotação, cada um com suas características, indicações e peculiaridades. O arregimentar das qualidades dos retalhos de transposição com os de rotação, que compõem o retalho S-Apple, tornam-no mais versátil e com melhores resultados estéticos em relação ao retalho bilobado, que denota o arquétipo para o surgimento do S-Apple. Método: Tendo como arquétipo os retalhos de rotação e transposição, no retalho S-Apple são confeccionados quatro retalhos, que são rotacionados e transpostos para fechamento do defeito. Este é excisado em formato circular para segurança oncológica de margens. O "S" do retalho é traçado em um ângulo de 30º em relação ao defeito. A dimensão do braço deve ser do mesmo diâmetro do defeito, sendo os retalhos transpostos como em uma zetaplastia e o retalho rotacionado para cobrir o defeito, resultante da exérese da lesão. Resultados: Não foram observadas necroses, infecção, deiscências, recidivas, cicatrizes em alçapão e elevação em ponto de rotação. As cicatrizes foram classificadas como satisfatórias e extremamente satisfatórias. Conclusão: O retalho S-Apple se mostrou um retalho versátil de fácil marcação com excelentes resultados estéticos e funcionais.

Milky secretion after late breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap with implant / Produção de secreção leitosa após reconstrução mamária tardia com retalho musculocutâneo de latíssimo do dorso com implante

We present a rare case of a 28-year-old patient with invasive ductal carcinoma who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy, modified radical mastectomy, radiotherapy, and late breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flap associated with the implant. One year later, she underwent reconstruction of the nipple-areola complex over the cutaneous island of the latissimus dorsi flap with a total skin graft from the thigh and graft from the caudal portion of the contralateral papilla. She became pregnant six months after the reconstruction of the nipple-areola complex and, unexpectedly, presented milk production by the reconstructed breast.

Apresentamos um caso raro de uma paciente de 28 anos com carcinoma ductal invasivo submetida a quimioterapia neoadjuvante, mastectomia radical modificada, radioterapia e reconstrução mamária tardia com retalho de latíssimo do dorso associado a implante. Um ano depois, foi submetida a reconstrução do complexo areolopapilar sobre a ilha cutânea do retalho do grande dorsal com enxerto de pele total da coxa e enxerto da porção caudal da papila contralateral. Ela engravidou seis meses após a reconstrução do complexo areolopapilar e, inesperadamente, apresentou produção de leite pela mama reconstruída.

Reconstruction of the nasal columella using bilateral nasolabial flaps: case report / Reconstrução da columela nasal com utilização de retalhos nasolabiais bilaterais: relato de caso

Introduction: The columella is an important subunit of the nose, essential for nasal architecture and facial aesthetics. The total reconstruction of the nasal columella becomes a great challenge after repairing trauma, carcinomas, and necrosis in this region. There are descriptions in the literature of numerous reconstruction techniques using different flaps, such as a frontal region flap, an infraclavicular region flap, and a unilateral and bilateral nasolabial flap. Case Report: A total reconstruction of the nasal columella after resection of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) using a bilateral nasolabial flap is reported. Conclusion: The technique proved effective for correcting the complex defect after BCC resection, with technical ease for resolution and good aesthetic and functional results.

Introdução: A columela é uma importante subunidade do nariz, sendo essencial para a arquitetura nasal e estética facial. A reconstrução total da columela nasal torna-se, portanto, um grande desafio após reparação de traumas, carcinomas e necroses nesta região. Há na literatura a descrição de inúmeras técnicas de reconstrução com uso de diferentes retalhos, como retalho da região frontal, retalho da região infraclavicular, retalho nasolabial unilateral e bilateral. Relato de Caso: Reporta-se uma reconstrução total da columela nasal pós-ressecção de carcinoma basocelular (CBC) utilizando retalho nasolabial bilateral. Conclusão: A técnica utilizada mostrou-se eficaz para correção do defeito complexo pós-ressecção de CBC, apresentando facilidade técnica para resolução e bom resultado estético-funcional.

Neurofibromatosis in the gluteus and posterior region of the thigh: case report / Neurofibromatose em glúteo e região posterior da coxa: relato de caso

Introduction: Neurofibromatosis is an autosomal dominant disorder, and type 1 is associated with an increased risk of tumor formation with neurocutaneous involvement. The variable evolution, often with limiting tumors, in addition to the significant incidence of cases requiring treatment, makes it fundamental to discuss procedures already performed in medical practice for early, careful, and individualized recognition of the diagnosis and treatment of the patient. The report aims to present a surgical case of neurofibromatosis, calling attention to the surgical technique, the characteristics of the disease, and the importance of the procedure in the quality of life of patients limited by the condition. Case Report: A 23-year-old male patient with a large mass neurofibroma in the gluteus and posterior surface of the right leg, in addition to café au lait stains in the distal third of the legs. He was treated with surgery to remove the tumor and a flap and graft in the affected region. The procedures were performed by a multidisciplinary team, allowing the total removal of the tumor mass, with subsequent skin grafting in the hip and thigh lesion on the right side and the fasciocutaneous flap in VY in the area. There were no significant complications in the immediate postoperative period. Conclusion: Neurofibromas can become limiting and impair patients' quality of life with neurofibromatosis type 1; therefore, early management and diagnosis are essential. Although the condition does not present a cure, there is a need for research into less invasive and preventive treatments for injuries.

Introdução: A neurofibromatose é um distúrbio autossômico dominante e o tipo 1 está associado a um aumento do risco de formação de tumores com acometimento neurocutâneo. A evolução variável, muitas vezes com tumorações limitantes, além da incidência significativa de casos que necessitam de tratamento, torna fundamental a discussão de condutas já realizadas na prática médica para um reconhecimento precoce, cuidadoso e individualizado do diagnóstico e do tratamento do enfermo. O relato objetiva apresentar um caso cirúrgico de neurofibromatose, chamando atenção para a técnica cirúrgica, as características da doença e a importância do procedimento na qualidade de vida de pacientes limitados pela afecção. Relato de Caso: Paciente de 23 anos, sexo masculino, com neurofibroma de grande massa em glúteo e face posterior da perna direita, além de manchas café com leite em terço distal de pernas. Foi tratado com uma cirurgia de retirada do tumor, além de retalho e enxerto na região acometida. Os procedimentos foram realizados por equipe multidisciplinar, possibilitando a retirada total da massa tumoral, com posterior realização de enxerto de pele na lesão do quadril e coxa em lado direito, e o retalho fasciocutâneo em V-Y na área. Não houve complicações significativas nos pós-operatórios imediatos.

Cutaneous traction as a complement to the parascapular flap in major cancer loss: case report / Tração cutânea como complemento ao retalho paraescapular em grande perda oncológica: relato de caso

Introduction: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant epidermal keratinocyte tumor closely related to sun exposure. When diagnosed, through biopsy, its staging, tumor resection with oncological safety margins must be performed, and lymph node dissection and treatment of metastases, if present, may be performed. Case Report: Skin traction is reported as a complement to the parascapular flap, used reconstructively after the excision of a large SCC in the left shoulder. Conclusion: The technique used proved effective for the satisfactory correction of large dehiscence in the postoperative period of the parascapular flap, promoting partial closure of the defect, reduced time to perform, and correction of the residual defect in a single step.

Introdução: O carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) é um tumor maligno dos queratinócitos epidérmicos e está intimamente relacionado à exposição solar. Quando diagnosticado, por meio de biópsia, deve ser realizado seu estadiamento, ressecção tumoral com margens de segurança oncológica, podendo ser feito esvaziamento ganglionar e tratamento de metástases, caso presentes. Relato de Caso: Reporta-se a utilização da tração cutânea como complemento ao retalho paraescapular, utilizado reconstrutivamente pós excisão de CEC de grande dimensão em ombro esquerdo. Conclusão: A técnica utilizada mostrou-se eficaz para correção satisfatória de grandes deiscências em pós-operatório de retalho paraescapular, promovendo fechamento parcial do defeito, tempo reduzido para realização e correção do defeito residual em tempo único.

Surgical Use of Supraclavicular Artery Flap for Head and Neck Cancer Defects Repair: Personal Experience

Abstract Introduction For a long time, major surgical defects after oncological surgery have always been challenging cases for surgeons in terms of wound healing and covering technique. Objectives To demonstrate the feasibility of supraclavicular artery flap (SCAF) in the reconstruction of surgical defects in those "fragile" patients undergoing oncological surgery who could not possibly have endured the timeframes involved in using microvascular free flaps. Methods Between January 2018 and January 2019, at the Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Bergamo Est Hospital (Bergamo, Italy), we reported the cases of 11 patients in whom the SCAF was used for surgical reconstruction after oncological surgery in our Otolaryngology Department. The median age of the 11 patients was 68.7 years old. Results The SCAF has proved, in almost all 11 cases in which it was used, to be very reliable and, above all, easy and quick to make in those "fragile" patients without the need for further intervention. There was only one case in which the resection involved the auricle entirely and a small area of perimeatal bone exposure occurred, which, anyway, healed by secondary intention. Conclusion The SCAF is an extremely versatile flap for head and neck surgery to be considered especially for fragile and vulnerable patients who cannot undergo prolonged surgical time. Moreover, this technique has also shown high feasibility in small hospitals where there is not a plastic surgery department and the surgeon may face the difficulty of practicing surgical reconstruction after enlarged resection.

Double transposition flap for lower eyelid reconstruction: case report of a new surgical approach / Retalho de dupla transposição para reconstrução de pálpebra inferior: relato de caso de uma nova abordagem cirúrgica

Introduction: Non-melanoma tumors frequently affect the lower palpebral region and constitute a challenge for reconstructing the surgical wound without causing functional or aesthetic changes. Primary closure is generally impossible, and flaps are preferred over grafts as they generate less eyelid retraction. This article aims to describe a new surgical reconstruction technique. Method: A modified McGregor flap technique is described for correcting a surgical defect greater than 50% of the anterior lamella of a recurrent basal cell carcinoma lesion in the lower eyelid. Results: The patient was evaluated on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 45th postoperative days. She presented a good functional and aesthetic response to the technique used. Conclusion: Using the double transposition flap, we demonstrate a new technique for closing defects larger than two-thirds in the lower eyelid.

Introdução: Os tumores não melanomas acometem frequentemente a região palpebral inferior e consistem em um desafio para a reconstrução da ferida operatória sem ocasionar alteração funcional ou estética. O fechamento primário geralmente não é possível e os retalhos são preferenciais aos enxertos por gerarem menor retração palpebral. Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever uma nova técnica de reconstrução cirúrgica. Método: Descreve-se técnica modificada do retalho de McGregor para correção de defeito cirúrgico maior que 50% da lamela anterior, de lesão recidivada de carcinoma basocelular localizada em pálpebra inferior. Resultados: Paciente foi avaliada no 7º, 14º, 21º e 45º dia de pós-operatório. Apresentou boa resposta funcional e estética com a técnica utilizada. Conclusão: Demonstramos uma nova técnica de fechamento de defeitos maiores do que dois terços na pálpebra inferior através do retalho de dupla transposição.

Repair of extremity soft tissue defects using anterolateral femoral flaps with versus without anastomosis of anterolateral femoral cutaneous nerve / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective:To analyze the necessity of anastomosis of the cutaneous nerve by comparing anterolateral femoral flaps with versus without anastomosis of the anterolateral femoral cutaneous nerve in the repair of extremity soft tissue defects.Methods:A retrospective analysis was made of the clinical data of 30 patients with extremity soft tissue defects who had been admitted to Department of Orthopedics, The Sixth People＇s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine from September 2019 to March 2022. The patients were assigned into 2 groups according to whether the anterolateral femoral cutaneous nerve was anastomosed or not in the repair of extremity soft tissue defects using anterolateral femoral flaps. In the anastomosis groups of 14 cases, there were 7 males and 7 females, with an age of (46.4±15.2) years and a flap size of (22.4±7.3) cm×(8.5±1.3) cm. In the non-anastomosis group of 16 cases, there were 11 males and 5 females, with an age of (39.9±15.8) years and a flap size of (23.0±6.4) cm×(9.0±2.1) cm. The 2 groups were compared in terms of flap survival, Semmes-Weinstein recovery degree and area of monofilament tactile sensation, and time periods for temperature sensation and two-point discrimination.Results:There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups in the preoperative general data, showing they were comparable ( P>0.05). All the flaps survived completely without vascular crisis. In the anastomosis group, the time periods required for Semmes-Weinstein recovery of monofilament tactile sensation to the areas of 20.0%, 50.0%, and 80.0% [(2.5±0.7) months, (6.7±1.1) months, and (11.0±1.2) months] were significantly shorter than those in the non-anastomosis group [(3.6±1.3) months, (8.6±1.4) months, and (15.0±2.2) months], the recovery area at the last follow-up [100.0% (100.0%, 100.0%)] was significantly larger than that in the non-anastomosis group [84.6% (81.7%, 89.9%)], and the time period for recovery of temperature sensation [(3.9±0.7) months] significantly shorter than that in the non-anastomosis group [(6.1±1.1) months] (all P<0.05). The time for recovery of two-point discrimination in the 14 patients in the anastomosis group was (10.4±1.7) months while only 7 of the 16 patients in the non-anastomosis group recovered two-point discrimination after (14.7±1.4) months, showing a significant difference between the 2 groups ( P<0.05). Conclusion:In the repair of extremity soft tissue defects using anterolateral femoral flaps, compared with no anastomosis of the cutaneous nerve, anastomosis of the anterolateral femoral cutaneous nerve may ensure more or less the sensory recovery of the flaps.

Thromboelastogram for early diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis after free flap surgery of lower extremity / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical value of thromboelastogram in early diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients undergoing free flap surgery of lower extremity.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the 192 patients undergoing surgical repair of soft tissue defects at lower extremity with free anterolateral femoral flap at Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital from January 2018 to June 2022. There were 117 males and 75 females, with an age of (45.6±12.7) years and an area of skin defects ranging from 5 cm × 3 cm to 18 cm × 9 cm. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to whether DVT occurred on the first day after surgery. In the DVT group of 22 patients, there were 14 males and 8 females, with an age of (47.7±14.3) years; in the DVT-free group of 170 patients, there were 103 males and 67 females, with an age of (45.3±12.5) years. The 2 groups were compared in terms of reaction time, coagulation time, maximum amplitude and coagulation angle in the thromboelastogram. Diagram of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves was used to evaluate the predictive value of thromboelastography in assessing the risk of DVT after surgery.Results:The 2 groups were comparable because there was no significant difference in the baseline information or operation time between them ( P>0.05). The reaction time [(5.21±0.85) min] and coagulation time [(1.12±0.30) min] in the DVT group were significantly shorter than those in the DVT-free group [(6.48±0.06) min and (1.60±0.03) min], and the maximum amplitude [(71.45±1.17) mm] and coagulation angle [69.54° (64.59°, 76.64°) ] in the DVT group were significantly larger than those in the DVT-free group [(66.63±0.40) mm and 64.92°(54.11°, 74.21°)] (all P<0.05). The optimal cut-off points in the ROC diagram were 5.46 min at reaction time, 1.52 min at coagulation time, 72.31 mm at maximum amplitude and 59.89° at coagulation angle. The sensitivity and specificity of detecting DVT on the first day after surgery were 80.7% and 71.6%, respectively, according to the combination of the best cut-off points in the ROC diagram and all the indexes in the thromboelastogram. Conclusion:Thromboelastogram is of a great value for the diagnosis of lower extremity DVT, and of a positive significance for the prevention of serious complications after surgery in patients undergoing free flap surgery of lower extremity.

Antibiotic-loaded calcium sulfate-autologous iliac bone combined with sural neurocutaneous flap for one-stage treatment of chronic calcaneus osteomyelitis plus skin and soft tissue defects / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical effects of antibiotic-loaded calcium sulfate-autologous iliac bone combined with sural neurocutaneous flap in the one-stage treatment of chronic calcaneus osteomyelitis plus skin and soft tissue defects.Methods:From January 2013 to September 2019, 48 patients were admitted to Department of Orthopedic Trauma, Xi'an Honghui Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University for chronic calcaneal osteomyelitis complicated with skin and soft tissue defects. They were divided into 2 groups according to different bone grafts. In group A of 26 patients treated at one stage by antibiotic-loaded calcium sulfate-autologous iliac bone combined with sural neurocutaneous flap, there were 16 males and 10 females with an age of (45.0±11.7) years and an area of skin defect of (56.0±16.7) cm 2. In group B of 22 patients treated at one stage by simple autologous iliac bone combined with sural neurocutaneous flap, there were 13 males and 9 females with an age of (43.6±9.6) years and an area of skin defect of (53.8±16.2) cm 2. The volume of the ilium harvested, fracture healing time, infection control, donor site complications, pain score of visual analogue scale (VAS) and function recovery of the ankle were compared between the 2 groups. Results:There was no significant difference in the preoperative general data between the 2 groups, showing comparability ( P>0.05). The 48 patients were followed up for (15.3±6.0) months. Group A had a significantly smaller volume of the ilium harvested [(67.3±14.1) cm 3] than group B [(90.7±23.5) cm 3], a significantly lower rate of donor site complications [3.8% (1/26)] than group B [31.8% (7/22)], significantly lower VAS pain scores at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours than group B, and significantly lower WBC count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein at 2, 4, 8 weeks after operation than group B (all P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups in the infection control rate [96.2% (25/26) versus 77.3% (17/22)], the fracture healing time [(6.2±1.9) months versus (6.4±2.1) months], or the ankle-hindfoot score of AOFAS (The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society) (83.9±7.2 versus 82.5±8.7) at 6 months after operation (all P>0.05). Conclusion:In one-stage treatment of chronic calcaneal osteomyelitis complicated with skin and soft tissue defects, compared with simple autologous iliac bone combined with sural neurocutaneous flap, antibiotic-loaded calcium sulfate-autologous iliac bone combined with sural neurocutaneous flap can reduce the volume of the ilium harvested, pain score of VAS, and incidence of donor site complications, and improve the recovery of inflammatory indicators, leading to fine clinical effects.

Precise flap surgery for reconstruction of knee defects / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective:To introduce the concept and procedures of precise flap surgery in construction of knee defects and to report the preliminary clinical outcomes.Methods:The data of 16 patients with knee defects at 17 sides were retrospectively analyzed who had been treated under the guidance of the concept of precise flap surgery at Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The 920th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA from August 2014 to March 2022. There were 12 males and 4 females, aged 44(34, 54) years. The wounds were at the left side in 8 cases, at the right side in 7 ones and at bilateral sides in one, and their sizes ranged from 5 cm×3 cm to 15 cm×11 cm. The time from injury to surgery was 8.5(6.0, 13.0) days. Optimal repair protocols were chosen after the donor and recipient sites were evaluated according to the methods of precise flap surgery: a retrograde anterolateral thigh flap in 7 sides, a descending genicular artery perforator flap in 3 ones, a saphenous artery flap in 2 ones, and a superior genicular lateral artery perforator flap, a popliteal artery perforator flap, a medial sural perforator propeller flap, a peroneal artery perforator propeller flap, and a randomized flap in one, respectively. The flap sizes ranged from 10 cm×6 cm to 15 cm×15 cm. The outcomes and complications of skin flap repair, and functional recovery of the affected limb were recorded.Results:All the flaps at 17 sides survived after surgery; 3 cases developed distal edge necrosis which responded to dressing change. The follow-ups for the 16 patients were 14.5(10.0, 28.0) months. All the flaps presented with good color, texture and contour. Flap bulking, local osteomyelitis, and scar ulcer was found in one case respectively. According to the revascularization assessments in the digital replantation criteria by Hand Surgery Society, Chinese Medical Association, all the flaps at 17 sides were excellent. Accoding to the knee functional evaluation of Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) at the last follow-up, the 17 affected limbs scored 86(80,91) points, yielding 9 excellent, 7 good and 1 fair sides.Conclusion:Although the defects and donor sites around the knee vary greatly, precise flap surgery may lead to effective control of the variations, choice of an optimal reconstruction protocol, and precise wound repair.